Researchers found that exercise promotes neuron growth through both biochemical signals (myokines) and physical stretching. Muscle cells, when contracted, release myokines that boost neuron growth and maturity.

Yamanaka factors can reverse aging in brain neurons, improving synaptic connections, metabolism, and protecting against neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. Researchers introduced the Yamanaka factors into neurons of adult mice, finding that this process rejuvenated the cells without negative side effects, even enhancing motor and social behaviors.